Nano-SiO2 (NS) has been widely used in asphalt materials. The structural characteristics of nano-SiO2 were reviewed. The surface modification treatment of NS and the modification effect and mechanism of single and modified binders were introduced. Finally, the development direction of NS in modified binder was pointed out. NS enhances the viscoelastic properties of asphalt, which has a larger surface energy. The high temperature rutting resistance and performance enhancement effect are remarkable, and the potential of compound materials is significant compared with other materials. Combined with modified materials, NS compound modified binders is simple to prepare and has a higher performance and efficiency. In addition, the use of fiberizing treatment and surface-active preparation of nano-SiO2 is a future development trend. This review will help promote the application and development of NS in asphalt materials and provide the basis and direction for the design of long-life asphalt pavement.

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