This research explores the critical role of metabolism—the flow of energy and materials—in addressing sustainability challenges within an era of rapid climate change. By examining metabolism at the scale of our cities (urban metabolism) and industrial systems, this study gains crucial insights into our resource dependencies. This paper highlights three key areas:

First, metabolism studies are instrumental in identifying and evaluating mitigation options to achieve carbon neutrality goals, mapping out inefficiencies and opportunities for decarbonization.

Second, this framework allows for a deeper analysis of climate change impacts and cascading risks, providing the diagnostic tools needed to enhance urban and systemic resilience against disruptions.

Finally, the metabolic perspective uniquely manifests the intersection between mitigation, adaptation, and other Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It provides a practical lens for designing integrated strategies that achieve multiple, co-beneficial outcomes. This research concludes by arguing that leveraging a metabolic approach is essential for a paradigm shift away from linear, vulnerable systems toward resilient, circular, and sustainable societies.