Flow-like landslides are among the most destructive natural hazards because of their rapid propagation, long run-out, and complex hydro-mechanical behaviour (Cascini et al., 2008). Their mitigation requires both a reliable prediction of the propagation stage and a quantitative understanding of the interaction with protection structures.
For the modelling of propagation, the depth-integrated SPH (Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) approach provides an excellent compromise between computational efficiency and accuracy (Pastor et al., 2009; Cuomo et al., 2016).
On the other hand, the interaction with protection structures, such as rigid or flexible barriers, is well described by MPM (Material Point Method), which handles large deformation, frictional contact, and the two-phase nature of the flow (Martinelli and Galavi, 2022). 
Regardless of the method, calibration and validation towards field data or experimental measures is fundamental. This is the case of the landslides which occurred in Italy and China, successfully modelled through SPH (Cuomo et al., 2016; Braun et al., 2018). Flow propagation and interaction with different types of protection structures have been accurately measured in 40-g centrifuge tests (Cuomo et al., 2026a) and replicated through MPM (Cuomo et al., 2026b). 
The combined use of SPH, MPM, and experimental evidence supports a more consistent framework for the design of mitigation measures against flow-like landslides.

References
Braun, A., Cuomo, S., Petrosino, S., Wang, X., & Zhang, L. (2018). Numerical SPH analysis of debris flow run-out and related river damming scenarios for a local case study in SW China. Landslides, 15(3), 535-550.
Cascini, L., Cuomo, S., Guida, D. (2008). Typical source areas of May 1998 flow-like mass movements in the Campania region, Southern Italy. Engineering Geology, 96(3-4), 107-125.
Cuomo, S., Pastor, M., Capobianco, V., & Cascini, L. (2016). Modelling the space–time evolution of bed entrainment for flow-like landslides. Engineering Geology, 212, 10-20.
Cuomo, S., Perna, A. D., Ciaglia, R., Moscariello, M., & Martinelli, M. (2026a). Interaction of flowslides with fixed and movable barriers: centrifuge tests on Baskarp and Vesuvian soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 63, 1-19.
Cuomo, S., Di Perna, A., Ciaglia, R., Moscariello, M., & Martinelli, M. (2026b). Impact of flow-like landslide on protection barrier: Centrifuge Tests and MPM modelling. Engineering Geology, 108681.
Martinelli, M., & Galavi, V. (2022). An explicit coupled MPM formulation to simulate penetration problems in soils using quadrilateral elements. Computers and Geotechnics, 145, 104697.
Pastor, M., Haddad, B., Sorbino, G., Cuomo, S., Drempetic, V. (2009). A depth‐integrated, coupled SPH model for flow‐like landslides and related phenomena. International  Journal for numerical and analytical methods in geomechanics, 33(2), 143-172.
 

landslide,numerical modelling,MPM,SPH,mitigation