Low-temperature coal tar (LCT) is a complex organic mixture with a broad molecular-weight distribution and strong interactions among its heavy constituents, which hinder precise separation, molecular characterization, and targeted conversion. This work aimed to establish an integrated “component separation-accurate characterization-directional catalysis-product regulation” framework for its high-value utilization. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to quantify the GC-amenable fraction. Group components were separated by solvent extraction-column chromatography, while heavy constituents were selectively isolated through a layer-by-layer strategy combining targeted reactions with stepwise solvent extraction. A TGA-based simulated distillation method was also developed. Zeolite pore-structure and acidity regulation, metal acid bifunctional catalysis, and machine-learning-assisted optimization were integrated to elucidate the relationships among feedstock properties, catalyst characteristics, and product distributions. The optimized non-hydrogenative catalytic route enhanced aromatic selectivity, with the selectivity for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and naphthalene (BTEXN) reaching 27.97%. During the hydrogenative conversion of mixed model compounds over NiW-La/HZSM-5, the BTEXN yield reached 469 mg·g^-1, with no evident catalyst deactivation after 60 h. Diversified routes to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hydroaromatics, and needle coke were established, and the yields of tetralin and decalin reached 94.72% and 98.86%, respectively. After prehydrogenation and two-stage hydrorefining, the aviation kerosene fraction reached 42.11%, and its distillation range, freezing point, and flash point met the requirements of GB 6537-2018.The integrated framework addresses key bottlenecks in the molecular-level characterization and directional conversion of LCT. The demonstrated separation and catalytic routes provide a scientific and technical basis for shifting coal-tar processing from low-value fuel production toward the coproduction of high-value chemicals and aviation kerosene.