Small modular reactors (SMRs) are cutting-edge, pioneering, and disruptive nuclear power technologies. Characterized by inherent safety, modular design, flexible deployment, and strong site adaptability, SMRs are hailed as “game changers” in the international nuclear power industry and have become a strategic commanding height of the global science and technology competition. The paper systematically reviews the global development trends of SMRs, provides an in-depth analysis of the strategic layouts and technological progress of the world major countries, and comprehensively summarizes China’s breakthrough achievements represented by the “Linglong One” reactor. From three dimensions—land-based multi-purpose energy supply, maritime applications, and space nuclear power applications—the paper reveals the irreplaceable value of SMRs in multiple scenarios and explores their internal logic as an important carrier in the artificial intelligence (AI) era. The research shows that SMRs are not only a key breakthrough point for energy technology revolution, but also an important support for ensuring energy security, promoting green transformation, and serving marine development and deep space exploration. Accordingly, this paper puts forward systematic policy recommendations including accelerating the improvement of standards and regulatory systems, formulating medium and long-term development plans, incorporating them into national science and technology programs, and deepening international cooperation.

small modular reactors; game changers; modular design; multi-purpose utilization; technology revolution; energy security